The long-run average cost curve slopes downward if there are: a) some factors without diminishing marginal returns b) economies of scope in the management of multi-plant operations c) economies of scale d) diseconomies of scope in the management of multi-plant operations e) no factors without diminishing marginal returns.

6–7. white-collar crime. matthew simpson and others created and operated a series of corporate entities to defraud telecommunications companies, creditors, credit reporting agencies, and others. through these entities, simpson and the others used routing codes and spoofing services to make long-distance calls appear to be local. they stole other firms’ network capacity and diverted payments to themselves. they leased goods and services without paying for them. to hide their association with their corporate entities and with each other, they used false identities, addresses, and credit histories, and issued false bills, invoices, financial statements, and credit references,. did these acts constitute mail and wire fraud? discuss. [united states v. simpson, 741 f.3d 539 (5th cir. 2014)] (see types of crimes.)