The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

Boredom

Explanation: The arousal theory of motivation describes the relationship between performance and arousal. If someone is aroused and excited about the tasks, they are more likely to work harder and be more involved than those who are not interest in the task. Low arousal means they are more likely to be bored over someone with higher arousal.

first, the romans stayed isolated because they had to defend their own territories from neighboring cities that were harassing them, like the etruscans. second, once the romans managed to defeat their neighbors, and started to expand their territory, they started to build roads and bridges. finally, now that the romans have covered their territory with roads functioning as highways, they could mobilize their legions faster to assemble larger military units in a specific place.

your answer is rising unemployment and inflation.