Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

a. jeong observes bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
b. laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.
c. job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.
d. belinda saw mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. she is careful to clean her room because she saw mavis get a reward for doing it.

Before they can be published, scientific papers must be peer-reviewed. this means that: a) some other scientific experts read the papers and guarantee that they are true. b) some other scientific experts read the papers and provide quality control by eliminating many mistakes. c) an editor reads the papers, to make sure that all the semicolons are in the correct places. d) everyone in the world is given the opportunity to comment on the papers through a specially maintainedblog. e) government bureaucrats read the papers, to be sure that the papers do not insult the political positions ofthe current officeholders.