How did the environment of arabia serve as a form of protection during much of the regions history. 50 points

i think you really need to revive you answer! : d

answer; negative punishment;

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

answer; make a no-nonsense accusation of the other;