Why did the framers include the necessary and proper clause in the constitution?
a. to empower congress to pass laws needed to carry out the expressed powers
b. to limit congressional powers to those expressly stated in the constitution
c. to define the scope of the inherent powers of congress
d. to set forth those powers considered necessary to the states

Aplaintiff filed a civil action based on negligence against a defendant in federal district court, alleging that the defendant negligently ran a red light at an intersection and collided with the plaintiff's vehicle, causing the plaintiff's injuries. a week after the close of discovery, the plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment on the issue of whether the defendant was negligent. with the motion, the plaintiff filed (i) his own sworn affidavit, which stated that the traffic signal was green as he entered the intersection, (ii) an affidavit of a witness who was driving the car behind him, which stated that the witness saw the entire incident and that the plaintiff's traffic signal was green as he approached and entered the intersection; and (iii) an affidavit of another witness, which stated that she saw the entire incident and that the defendant's signal had been red for several seconds before the defendant entered the intersection and was still red when the defendant entered the intersection. the defendant filed a response to the motion, noting that her answer denied negligence and further denied that her traffic signal was red, and argued that the issue of negligence and the issue of whether her traffic signal was red were in dispute, so those issues should be tried to a jury. how should the court rule on the plaintiff's motion?

Around the third week of a college class, a professor decides she’s had enough, is tired of dealing with bureaucracies, and wants out. so one day, instead of coming to class, she flies to tahiti and sells souvenirs on the beach. if this happened, the college would simply assign a substitute to finish the course. what does this tell you about the nature of the authority wielded by a professor?

Which factor contributed to the rise of african empires such as ghana and mali ? a. their creation and involvement in trade networks b. they focused only on agricultural production. c. they didn’t engage in warfare with other nations d. their geographic location protected them from attacks.