This polish military officer served as a brigadier general in the cavalry of george washington's continental army.

This Polish military officer was Kazimierz Pułaski, or Casimir Pulaski.

Pulaski fought on the side of the American patriots against the British army in the Revolutionary War. He is also known as the “father of the American cavalry,” Pulaski participated in military actions against Russian invaders, particularly in Berdichev in 1768 and Czestochowa in 1770. When Poland was divided by Prussians and Austrians, Pulaski went to Paris, where he met Benjamin Franklin in 1776. Pulaski arrived in Philadelphia in 1777 with a letter of introduction from Franklin to George Washington. Within six months Pulaski had shown his courage on battlefields at Brandywine, Pennsylvania, and Germantown, Pennsylvania in September and October. He was promoted to brigadier general and named the chief of the cavalry; he resigned six months later because of friction with part of his troop and went on to form a cavalry and infantry unit that was known as Pulaski’s Legion. Sent to the south, he fought at Charleston, South Carolina and then at the siege of Savannah, Georgia from September 23 to October 18, where he was wounded on October 9, 1779. He was sent to Charleston aboard the brigantine Wasp, but he died on October 15th that year and was buried at Greenwich Plantation, Georgia.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.