Moore and egeth (1997) asked participants to rate which of two lines was longer. background dots were presented with the lines. on some trials, the dot pattern was a visual illusion, designed to manipulate the perceived length of the lines. moore and egeth found that

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada