After many media reports of aggressive behavior by parents and other adult spectators in the stands at canadian youth hockey games, psychologists used a method called naturalistic observation to study spectator behavior. using the naturalistic observation method means that:

I believe the answer is: naturalistic observation

naturalistic observation refers to a research method that conducted by observing the subjects in their natural environment, without adding any controlled variables. If we use spectators of a game as subjects, their natural environment would be the stadium when a match is occurring.

manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern, while latent functions are those unrecognized and unintended consequences. to analyze the manifest functions of any social institution, we have to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society.