When chance, bias, and confounding have been ruled out as alternative explanations for an association, we may conclude that the association is causal?

Which member of the president's cabinet is most likely to negotiate a treaty with a foreign country? secretary of the interior secretary of the treasury secretary of defense secretary of state

Dr. robbins wants to know if there are different opinions regarding the value of public school education between native americans who have at least one relative who attended indian boarding school and native americans who have no family experience with indian boarding school. dr. robbins contacts 35 native american participants in each group. he wants each group to include younger as well as older adults, and a mix of male and female participants. he asks each person to complete a survey about their attitudes toward public education. the design of this study is:

How did the romanov dynasty increase russia's power?