Agroup of ray's friends have been waiting for ray for an hour. one says, ? he never remembers anything." another says, "he's probably caught in rush hour traffic." what are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? (1 point)

I believe the answer is: They are making attributions.

In this context,attribution referring to the process of giving explanations for a certain event using their personal perception on other people's situation.
The attribution that each persons made tend to be really biased depending on how they see each other

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.