Review questions 1. how important were the gods and goddesses to mythological beliefs? 2. how do the mythological themes in mythology differ among belief systems? 3. what are the similar characteristics of the various gods and goddesses? 4. how did mythological beliefs shape culture? 5. do structures reflect mythological beliefs? critical thinking questions 1. all the societies discussed in this unit had public places of worship for their mythological gods and goddesses, such as the greek temples and aztec pyramids. why do you think these were important to these civilizations? 2. why do you think the aztecs and greeks both used games to honor their gods? 3. many of these mythological stories were filled with violence. why do you think this is? 4. for many of these myths and legends, we only have one or two sources left from ancient times. without them these ancient myths and legends would be gone forever. why is it extremely important that we preserve the stories of our past? 5. the mythological gods and goddesses often behaved very similarly to humans. they got jealous, they argued, they fought and even interfered in the lives of mortals. why do you think they were portrayed in such a way?

Religious belief in supreme being (s) has been present in humanity almost from the beginning. In part this is because humans needed a way to explain the events that took place around them and that they could not comprehend, or were simply out of reach and too magnificent for them to explain in any other way than through beings much superior than them. That´s the origin of gods in the human mind. Given this, then, the answers to the questions would be thus:

Review Questions:

1. The gods and goddesses were vital in the sense that they gave a reason for events, circumstances and situations that took place around humans and that they wanted to explain. This system was applied particularly when reason itself could not help people understand something, or it was beyond their control.

2. The themes vary among cultures, for example the Mesoamericans and the Greeks, in the functions and roles that the gods and goddesses played in human lives. For example, the Greek gods were less involved with humans, whereas for some Mesoamerican peoples, their gods were around them and influenced them constantly.

3. The similarity between belief systems was the reason for the existence of gods and goddesses. They were there to give sense to what could not be understood by the human mind and could not be controlled.

4. These beliefs shape culture because they become almost like a system through which all other aspects of social life is formed. For example, some Greek cities had as their deity Cupid, and their social behavior, thus, was shaped by the principles that were supposed to derive from this god.

5. Social structures may reflect some mythological beliefs, but not all. In general, gods and goddesses helped to understand the world, but social, political and even economical structures were considered something of the mundane, not necessarily connected to the gods. This was evidenced in Greece, where the gods were observers, more than guides.

Critical Thinking

1. Places of worship were important, and are important, because they were believed to be the places where the gods´ and/or goddesses presence was strongest and their power was best manifested.

2. They used games because in this way humans showed their likeness to their gods, who were supposed to admire strength, agility and even fierceness.

3. Because violence was seen as a form of power and strength, which was one of the characteristics that was possessed by the gods.

4. These stories are important because they reflect the belief system that sustained the generations and explain how people thought at the time. They also become a source of learning for future generations.

5. Because gods were really a reflection of what humans were, only with hightened and almost magical abilities, but they were flawed. Immortality was probably the characteristic that divided the divine from the human.

freeborn women in ancient rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by roman historians. but while roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history range from lucretia and claudia quinta, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce republican-era women such as cornelia, mother of the gracchi, and fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the julio-claudian dynasty, most prominently livia (58 bc-ad 29), who contributed to the formation of imperial mores; and the empress helena (c.250–330 ad), a driving force in promoting christianity.

women in the ancient greek world had few rights in comparison to male citizens. unable to vote, own land, or inherit, a woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was the rearing of children. this, though, is a general description, and when considering the role of women in ancient greece one should remember that information regarding specific city-states is often lacking, is almost always from male authors, and only in athens can their status and role be described in any great detail. neither are we sure of the practical and everyday application of the rules and laws that have survived from antiquity. we do know that spartan women were treated somewhat differently than in other states. for example, they had to do physical training like men, were permitted to own land, and could drink wine.

i believe the answer is: description

description refers to the goal of psychologist to identify the phenomenon that being observed. this goal is being actualized by collecting data/information from various clues that observed through the phenomenon. this goal must be accomplished before pyschologist able to create methods of treatment.