How do scientists determine if an object is moving away from the earth or towards earth?

We want to calculate the total metabolic heat generated by a singing canary taking into account heat transfer by radiation, convection and exhaling air. the air temperature is 20 oc, canary’s body internal and surface temperature is 33oc, external body surface convective heat transfer coefficient is 25.2 w/m2 .k, temperature difference between the inhaled and exhaled air is 4.3 oc, the ventilation rate is 0.74 cc of air per second, specific heat of air is 1.0066 kj/kg. k and density of air is 1.16 kg/m3 . assume the canary’s body to be a cylinder with 7 cm diameter and 9 cm length, and heat exchange is from the side as well as the top and bottom of cylinder. calculate 1) the net rate of heat lost by radiation, assuming heat gained by the bird through radiation from the surroundings is 11.5 w; 2) rate of heat transferred by convection to the surrounding air; 3) rate of heat transferred in the exhaling air without considering any internal evaporation; 4) total metabolic power.

2kg of refrigerant 134a undergoes a polytropic process in a piston-cylinder assembly from an initial state of saturated vapor at 2 bar to a final state of 12 bar, 80 degree c. a)determine the work for the process in kj. b)sketch the process on a p-v diagram.

What is the angular momentum of the bar about the axle?