How are convection currents important in the earth system?

In a thunderstorm, charge builds up on the water droplets or ice crystals in a cloud. thus, the charge can be considered to be distributed uniformly throughout the cloud. for the purposes of this problem, take the cloud to be a sphere of diameter 1.00 kilometer. the point of this problem is to estimate the maximum amount of charge that this cloud can contain, assuming that the charge builds up until the electric field at the surface of the cloud reaches the value at which the surrounding air breaks down. this breakdown means that the air becomes highly ionized, enabling it to conduct the charge from the cloud to the ground or another nearby cloud. the ionized air will then emit light due to the recombination of the electrons and atoms to form excited molecules that radiate light. in addition, the large current will heat up the air, resulting in its rapid expansion. these two phenomena account for the appearance of lightning and the sound of thunder. take the breakdown electric field of air to be eb=3.00ă—106n/c. part a estimate the total charge q on the cloud when the breakdown of the surrounding air is reached. express your answer numerically, to three significant figures, using ďµ0=8.85ă—10â’12c2/(nâ‹…m2) .

An ideal polarizer with its transmission axis rotated 30 degrees to the vertical is placed in a beam of unpolarized light of intensity 10w/m^2. after passing through the polarizer, what is the intensity of the beam? a. 8.7 w/m^2 b. 7.5 w/m^2 c. 5.0 w/m^2 d. 10 w/m^2 e. 2.5 w/m^2

Aspaceship starting from a resting position accelerates at a constant rate of 9.8 meters per second per second. how far will the spaceship travel if its final speed is 1 percent the speed of light (300,000,000 m/s)? a. 3.1 × 106 m b. 2.94 × 108 m c. 7.8 × 1010 m d. 4.6 × 1013 m