What was the approximate temperature of the universe at an age of 1015 s?

Alinearly polarized electromagnetic wave has an average intensity of 196 w/m^2. this wave is directed towards two ideal polarizers (in real polarizers, transmission is also effected by reflection and absorption). polarizer a is oriented with its transmission axis at an angle of θ_1=20.8∘ with the incident electric field. polarizer b has its axis at an angle of θ_2=63.0∘ with the incident electric field. what is the average intensity of the wave after it passes through polarizer a? what is the average intensity of the wave after it passes through polarizer b? suppose that the two polarizers a and b are interchanged. what would the average intensity be after passing through both polarizers?

How are series and parallel circuits simililar? both have multiple paths for electrons to travel. both require resistors in their circuits. both require a switch to complete the circuit. both have at least one path for electrons to travel.

How would a small bar magnet be oriented when placed at position x?