How much time elapses between when the lightning strikes and when the light reaches your eyes?

What property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed and does not change the identity of the substance

Acylinder with a movable piston contains 11.7 moles of a monatomic ideal gas at a pressure of 1.32×10^5 pa. the gas is initially at a temperature of 300 k. an electric heater adds 43200 j of energy into the gas while the piston moves in such a way that the pressure remains constant. cp=20.79 j k^−1 mol^−1 for a monatomic ideal gas, and that the number of gas molecules is equal to avogadro's number (6.022×10^23) times the number of moles of the gas. (a) what is the temperature of the gas after the energy is added? (b) what is the change in volume of the gas? (c) how much work is done by the gas during this process?

Some material consisting of a collection of microscopic objects is kept at a high temperature. a photon detector capable of detecting photon energies from infrared through ultraviolet observes photons emitted with energies of 0.3 ev, 0.5 ev, 0.8 ev, 2.0ev, 2.5ev, and 2.8ev. these are the only photon energies observed. (a) draw and label a possible energy-level diagram for one of the microscopic objects, which has four bound states. on the diagram, indicate the transitions corresponding to the emitted photons. explain briefly. (b) would a spring–mass model be a good model for these microscopic objects? why or why not? (c) the material is now cooled down to a very low temperature, and the photon detector stops detecting photon emissions. next, a beam of light with a continuous range of energies from infrared through ultraviolet shines on the material, and the photon detector observes the beam of light after it passes through the material. what photon energies in this beam of light are observed to be significantly reduced in intensity (“dark absorption lines”)? explain briefly.