What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction when light passes from a medium where its speed is greater into a medium where its speed is lower?

This is because the speed of a wave is determined by the medium through which it is passing. When light speeds up as it passes from one material to another, the angle of refraction is bigger than the angle of incidence. For example, this happens when light passes from water to air or from glass to water ❤

two charges are fixed in place on the x-axis as shown. the charge at x = 0 is negative and has magnitude q = 2 μcoulombs (1 μcoulomb = 10-6 coulombs). the charge at x = d, (d = +12 cm), is positive and has magnitude q = 4 μcoulombs. find a point x = xo along the x-axis at which the electric field is zero.

answer; (d) spontaneous processes are characterized by the overall conversion of order to disorder;