Valence electrons are more stock_and less likely to bond; therefore, they are called cation
pairs.
2.
valence electrons are
and are likely to bond.
3. When an atom loses electrons, the
outnumber the
and the atom is
called an
4. The number of atoms in a molecule or compound is designated using a
5. The charge on an ion is designated using a
6. When a nitrogen atom has eight electrons in its outer shell, it is an ion with a charge of
7. When a fluorine atom has eight electrons in its outer shell, it is an ion with a charge of
8. When a lithium ion has a charge of _, it has one full shell of electrons.
9. A calcium ion with a charge of is smaller than a calcium atom with no charge
10. A sulfur ion with a charge of is the same size as a sulfur atom with no charge
B Sentences

An object thrown vertically upward from the surface of a celestial body at a velocity of 36 m/s reaches a height of sequalsminus0.9tsquaredplus36t meters in t seconds. a. determine the velocity v of the object after t seconds. b. when does the object reach its highest point? c. what is the height of the object at the highest point? d. when does the object strike the ground? e. with what velocity does the object strike the ground? f. on what intervals is the speed increasing?

The particle in a two-dimensional well is a useful model for the motion of electrons around the indole ring (3), the conjugated cycle found in the side chain of tryptophan. we may regard indole as a rectangle with sides of length 280 pm and 450 pm, with 10 electrons in the conjugated p system. as in case study 9.1, we assume that in the ground state of the molecule each quantized level is occupied by two electrons. (a) calculate the energy of an electron in the highest occupied level. (b) calculate the frequency of radiation that can induce a transition between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied levels. 9.27 electrons around the porphine ring (4), the conjugated macrocycle that forms the structural basis of the heme group and the chlorophylls. we may treat the group as a circular ring of radius 440 pm, with 20 electrons in the conjugated system moving along the perimeter of the ring. as in exercise 9.26, assume that in the ground state of the molecule quantized each level is occupied by two electrons. (a) calculate the energy and angular momentum of an electron in the highest occupied level. (b) calculate the frequency of radiation that can induce a transition between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied levels.

Which types of electromagnetic waves have higher frequencies than the waves that make up ultraviolet light? check all that apply. radio waves infrared light microwaves gamma rays visible light x-rays