Joules constant, 4.1868 J/cal, is an equivalence relation for 4.1868 Joules of work for 1 calorie of heat delivered to a substance. A BTU is a British Thermal Unit (another measure of heat). If 1 BTU=252 cal, how many kilojoules equal 6.1 BTU?

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How is it possible that phylogenies based on sequences from nuclear genomes and organellar genomes (i.e., chloroplasts and mitochondria) from the same group of species yield phylogenetic trees with different branching orders?   answer :   the genome of the endosymbiont is more closely related to members of the group in which it originally evolved, while the nuclear genome of the engulfing organism has its own evolutionary trajectory.

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Newton's first law describes something special that results from the sum of all the external forces (including gravity) on an object.