For an ideal column with pin supports at both ends, its critical buckling load is P0 with the original length 0.5m. If the column length changes to 1m, what is its critical buckling load with the new length?

Niobium forms a substitutional solid solution with vanadium. compute the number of niobium atoms per cubic centimeter for a niobium-vanadium alloy that contains 24 wt% nb and 76 wt% v. the densities of pure niobium and vanadium are 8.57 and 6.10 g/cm3, respectively

Carbon is allowed to diffuse through a steel plate 15 mm thick. the concentrations of carbon at the two faces are 0.65 and 0.30 kg c/m^3 fe, which are maintained constant. if the preexponential and activation energy are 6.2 x 10-7 m2 /s and 80,000 j/mol, respectively, compute the temperature at which the diffusion flux is 1.43 x 10^-9 kg/m^2 -s.

What quantity do units represent in value