The first question. i don't understand how to answer it.

How does an observation about an object differ from an inference about that object

Two pans of a balance are 24.1 cm apart. the fulcrum of the balance has been shifted 1.33 cm away from the center by a dishonest shopkeeper. by what percentage is the true weight of the goods being marked up by the shopkeeper? assume the balance has negligible mass. answer in units of %.

1) what is the power in horsepower of a 100 watt light bulb? what is the power in kilowatts of a 200 horsepower engine? 2) if a cars engine is providing 3000 n of force to keep the car moving at 5 m/s, what is the engine’s effective power? 3) how many gallons of water will be pumped from a well 30 feet deep by a 1/2 hp engine in 1 minute? (1 gallon weighs 8.34 pounds)