What do the vertical lines of the periodic table tell us?

Explain to someone who knows nothing about fossils the study of invertebrate paleontology and how it scientists understand the history of the earth. be sure your explanation contains a minimum of two complete sentences.

Glass is transparent to visibile light under normal conditions; however, at extremely high intensities, glass will absorb most of the light incident upon it. this works through a process known as multiphoton absorption. in this process, several photons are absorbed at the same time. if very intense light whose photons carry 2ev of energy is shined onto a material with a band gap of 4ev, that light can be absorbed through two-photon absorption, because two photons have the right amount of energy to bridge the band gap. what is the minimum number of photons of 800-nm light that are needed to equal or exceed the band gap of fused silica glass

Describe uniform velocity and variable velocity in short