What causes lightning?

Chapter 23, problem 075 the figure shows a geiger counter, a device used to detect ionizing radiation (radiation that causes ionization of atoms). the counter consists of a thin, positively charged central wire surrounded by a concentric, circular, conducting cylindrical shell with an equal negative charge. thus, a strong radial electric field is set up inside the shell. the shell contains a low-pressure inert gas. a particle of radiation entering the device through the shell wall ionizes a few of the gas atoms. the resulting free electrons (e) are drawn to the positive wire. however, the electric field is so intense that, between collisions with gas atoms, the free electrons gain energy sufficient to ionize these atoms also. more free electrons are thereby created, and the process is repeated until the electrons reach the wire. the resulting "avalanche" of electrons is collected by the wire, generating a signal that is used to record the passage of the original particle of radiation. suppose the radius of the central wire is 24 âµm, the inner radius of the shell 2.3 cm, and the length of the shell 14 cm. if the electric field at the shell's inner wall is 2.8 ă— 104 n/c, what is the total positive charge on the central wire?

Steelhead trout migrate up stream to spawn. occasionally they need to leap up small waterfalls to continue their journey. fortunately, steelhead are remarkable jumpers, capable of leaving the water at a speed of 8.0 m/s. a. what is the maximum height a steelhead trout can jump? b. leaving the water at 8.0 m/s, the trout lands on top of the water fall 1.8 m high. how long was it in the air?

An important dimensionless parameter concerned with very high-speed flow is the mach number, defined as v/c, where v is the speed of the object such as an airplane or projectile, and c is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object. for a projectile traveling at 1170 mph through air at 50 ˚f and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of the mach number?