From where does the penny that is launched into the air get its energy

What would the difference of spectral lines emitted by hydrogen gas in distant galaxies which is normally found at a wavelength of 21 cm on earth, be observed at 21.1 centimeters?

An engineer designs a roller coaster so that a car travels horizontally for 152 ft, then climbs 137 ft at an angle of 34.0° above the horizontal. it then moves 137 ft at an angle of 48.0° below the horizontal. if we take the initial horizontal motion of the car to be along the +x-axis, what is the car's displacement? (give the magnitude of your answer, in ft, to at least four significant figures and give the direction of your answer in degrees counterclockwise from the +x-axis.)

Imagine that someone pushes one marble toward a motionless marble. would there still be action-reaction forces involved in the collision? how might the marbles’ motions be changed? ?