Suppose a special kind of glass has a refractive index which decreases from 2.4 to 2.0 when heated above 50°C. By how much does the critical angle of this glass increase when heated? Give your answer in degrees, without a unit and to two significant figures.

Air is held within a frictionless piston-cylinder container, which is oriented vertically. the mass of the piston is 0.45 kg and the cross-sectional area is 0.0030 m2. initially (state 1) the pressure of the gas is sufficient to support the weight of the piston as well as the force exerted by the atmospheric pressure ( 101.32 kpa). the volume occupied by the air within the cylinder in state 1 is 1.00 liter. one end of a spring (with spring constant k = 1000 n/m) is attached to the top of the piston, while the other end of the spring is attached to a stage that can move vertically. initially the spring is undeflected and therefore exerts no force. then the stage is then moved quasistatically downward a distance of 10.0 cm, at which point the system reaches state 2. the piston-cylinder is not insulated; rather it remains in diathermal contact with the surroundings, which are at a constant temperature of 300 k. what is the change of pressure within the container?

Which best describes how fluids change as they travel through different portions of the convection currents? they change to solids at the outer portion of the convection currents. they change to solids at the inner portion of the convection currents. they become more dense at the outer portion of the convection currents. they become more dense at the inner portion of the convection currents

A100-watt light bulb illuminates a solar cell. the electricity from the solar cell operates a water pump that delivers 1 watt of power. what is the efficiency of the system?