When two forces act on an object in opposite directions, you calculate the net force by

Forces Acting in Opposite Directions

In general, whenever forces act on an object in opposite directions—like the book on the table—the net force is equal to the difference between the two forces. In other words, one force is subtracted from the other to calculate the net force.

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since you're a real machine, your ama is always less than your ima, because you can never totally eliminate friction.

beta is electron from nucleus

something from nucleus has changed, but charge must be same for cons of charge