Advantages of second class lever

Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. the velocity is 3.00 x 10^8 m/s. how far is earth from the sun? i know how to get to d = (3 x 10^8 m/s)(498 sec). i just don't know how to get from there to the answer being 1.5 x 10^11 m.

Aswimmer is determined to cross a river that flows due south with a strong current. initially, the swimmer is on the west bank desiring to reach a camp directly across the river on the opposite bank. in which direction shoud the swimmer head? a. the swimmer should swim southeast. b. the swimmer should swim south. c. the swimmer shuold swim northeast. d. the swimmer should swim due north. e. the swimmer should swim due east.

A0.25 kg arrow is moving at 5 m/s and hits a 0.10 kg apple. the apple sticks to the arrow, and both move to the right together. what is their velocity?