Plezz define all these terms for 50 points and a brainlist and friend reqest • atom
• nucleus
• proton
• neutron
• electron
• element
• isotope
• compound
• covalent bond
• molecule
• ion
• ionic bond
• van der Waals force
• chemical reaction
• reactant
• product
• activation energy
• catalyst
• enzyme
• substrate
• active site
• polar molecule
• hydrogen bond
• mixture
• solution
• solvent
• solute
• acid
• base
• pH
• buffer
• macromolecule
• polymer
• carbohydrate
• lipid
• protein
• amino acid
• nucleic acid
• nucleotide

Atoms: consist of a nucleus made of protons and neutrons orbited by electrons. ... We now know that atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons — which are composed of even smaller particles, such as quarks

Nucleus: the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.

Proton: a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.

Neutron: a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.

Electron: a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

Element: element is a pure substance which cannot be broken down by chemical means, consisting of atoms which have identical numbers of protons in their atomic nuclei.

Isotope: each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

Compound: A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.

Covalent bond: A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Molecule: A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Ion: an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Ion bond: bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.

Van der Waals force:

F_{VW}=van der Waals force

R_1, R_2=spherical bodies radii

A=Hamaker constant

r=the distance between the surfaces

Chemical reaction: a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.

Reactant: a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

Product: an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale.

Activation energy: the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

Enzyme: a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Substrate: the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment.

Active site: a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Polar molecule: polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end

c. newton's third law of motion

that tool is called an altimeter which measures your altitude which can be used to tell which atmosphere you are currently in, including the stratosphere.

hope this ! : )