Describe the difference between particle motion in solids and liquids.

Particles in a: gas are well separated with no regular arrangement. liquid are close together with no regular arrangement. solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern.

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liquids vibrate, move about, and slide past each other. solids vibrate but generally do not move from place to place.

conduction, convection, radiation

force required to detach it is given by

charges are taken to be fundamental charge

now we have

so above is the minimum distance at which it will detach