Salmon often jump waterfalls to reach their breeding grounds. Starting downstream, 3.18 m away from a waterfall 0.294 m in height, at what minimum speed must a salmon jumping at an angle of 45 ◦ leave the water to continue upstream? The acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s 2 . Answer in units of m/s.

In a thunderstorm, charge builds up on the water droplets or ice crystals in a cloud. thus, the charge can be considered to be distributed uniformly throughout the cloud. for the purposes of this problem, take the cloud to be a sphere of diameter 1.00 kilometer. the point of this problem is to estimate the maximum amount of charge that this cloud can contain, assuming that the charge builds up until the electric field at the surface of the cloud reaches the value at which the surrounding air breaks down. this breakdown means that the air becomes highly ionized, enabling it to conduct the charge from the cloud to the ground or another nearby cloud. the ionized air will then emit light due to the recombination of the electrons and atoms to form excited molecules that radiate light. in addition, the large current will heat up the air, resulting in its rapid expansion. these two phenomena account for the appearance of lightning and the sound of thunder. take the breakdown electric field of air to be eb=3.00ă—106n/c. part a estimate the total charge q on the cloud when the breakdown of the surrounding air is reached. express your answer numerically, to three significant figures, using ďµ0=8.85ă—10â’12c2/(nâ‹…m2) .

When does your body conduct current more readily?

Consider a 1000 w iron whose base plate is made of 0.5 cm thick aluminum alloy 2024-t6 (ρ = 2770 kg/m3 and cp = 875 j/kg°c). the base plate has a surface area of 0.03 m2. initially, the iron is in thermal equilibrium with the ambient air at 22°c. assuming 90% of the heat generated in the resistance wires is transferred to the plate, determine the minimum time needed for the plate temperature to reach 200°c.