A gas contained within a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series:
Process 1–2: Constant volume from p1 5 1 bar, V1 5 4 m3 to
state 2, where p2 5 2 bar.
Process 2–3: Compression to V3 5 2 m3, during which the
pressure–volume relationship is pV 5 constant.
Process 3–4: Constant pressure to state 4, where V4 5 1 m3.
Sketch the processes in series on p–V coordinates and
evaluate the work for each process, in kJ

According to the phase diagram for water, how is the state of water determined? proceed up a vertical line at any given temperature read the phase at the intersection of any given temperature and pressure at a given pressure, proceed horizontally to the s-l or l-g line

Ahydroelectric plant takes energy from water and turns it into electrical energy. what are the transformations of energy in the water molecules that are used in the process of generating electricity this way?

Comedians like to joke that the reason we haven’t been visited by intelligent life from elsewhere in the universe is that aliens have been monitoring earth’s broadcasts of intellectually embarrassing tv programs, like gilligan’s island, fear factor, the jersey shore, and the jerry springer showand so consider us far too primitive to merit a visit. let’s check the assertion that aliens could have been receiving them. tv programs are broadcast at a frequency of about 100mhz with about 100kw of total power in 30frames per second, which emanatesroughly uniformly in all directions. assume that interstellar space transmits these broadcasts without attenuation. no matter how smart they are, aliens would require at least one photon per frame to interpret our signals. findthe number of photons per unit time per unit area reaching a receiver on a possible planet in the nearest star system, which is about 4 light-years away (a light-year is the distance light travels in a year). if aliens aimed a receiver or detector directly at earth, how big (in diameter) would it have to be to receive a photon per frame