Describe how you could measure the thickness of paper with an ordinary ruler

Calculate the kinetic energy of earth due to its spinning about its axis. krot = j compare your answer with the kinetic energy of the orbital motion of earth's center of mass about the sun. assume earth to be a homogeneous sphere of mass 6.00 1024 kg and radius 6.40 106 m. the radius of earth's orbit is 1.50 1011 m.

Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. a third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 52-degree angle with the axis of the first polarizer. a) what fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted through the first polaroid? b) what fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted through the second polaroid? c) what is the angle of polarization of the light that enters the third polaroid? d) what fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted through the third polaroid. e) what happens if the middle polaroid is removed?

Two polarizers are oriented at 40∘ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. if only 16 percent of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?