Properties seen when one substance changes to another are known as?

During the experiment if you could triple the breakaway magnetic force with all other quantities left unchanged, what is the new value for the critical velocity if it was v0 (initial velocity), initially? (b) now if you halved the radius with all other quantities left unchanged, what is the new critical velocity if it was v0 (initial velocity), initially? (c) if during the experiment, critical velocity quadrupled with all other quantities left unchanged, what is the new breakaway force if its magnitude was initially f0,?

Which scientist was the first to propose the heliocentric model of the universe? a. aristotle b. isaac newton c. galileo galilei d. nicolaus copernicus

The radioactive isotope of lead, pb-209, decays at a rate proportional to the amount present at time t and has a half-life of 3.3 hours. if 1 gram of this isotope is present initially, how long will it take for 80% of the lead to decay? (round your answer to two decimal places.)