Chemists use a wide array of techniques for determining the exact composition and structure of a compound. One of the most robust and interesting of these is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In this problem, you will see how NMR spectroscopy allows for the precise determination of the structure of an organic compound. Nuclei with odd numbers of neutrons or protons have a magnetic moment. In the presence of a strong magnetic field, some nuclei will align parallel and some will align antiparallel to the field. If a sample is subjected to electromagnetic radiation with photon energy equal to the difference in energy between the two nuclear alignment states, some nuclei in parallel states will absorb a photon and flip to antiparallel states. Suppose that a small shift Δf in the frequency of the absorbed radiation is observed. This shift is attributed to a small change Δμ in the magnetic moment. What is the value of Δμ ?
Express your answer in terms of Δf , B , and h .

Δμ = hΔf/B

Explanation:

If the photon energy , ΔE = hΔf where Δf = small frequency shift and since the potential energy change of the magnetic dipole moment μ in magnetic field B from parallel to anti-parallel state is ΔU = ΔμB. where Δμ = small shift in magnetic moment.

Since the magnetic energy change equals the photon energy,

ΔE = ΔU

hΔf = ΔμB

Δμ = hΔf/B

relativism, roughly put, is the view that truth and falsity, right and wrong, standards of reasoning, and procedures of justification are products of differing conventions and frameworks of assessment and that their authority is confined to the context giving rise to them. more precisely, “relativism” covers views which maintain that—at a high level of abstraction—at least some class of things have the properties they have (e.g., beautiful, morally good, epistemically justified) not simpliciter, but only relative to a given framework of assessment (e.g., local cultural norms, individual standards), and correspondingly, that the truth of claims attributing these properties holds only once the relevant framework of assessment is specified or supplied. relativists characteristically insist, furthermore, that if something is only relatively so, then there can be no framework-independent vantage point from which the matter of whether the thing in question is so can be established.

relativism has been, in its various guises, both one of the most popular and most reviled philosophical doctrines of our time. defenders see it as a harbinger of tolerance and the only ethical and epistemic stance worthy of the open-minded and tolerant. detractors dismiss it for its alleged incoherence and uncritical intellectual permissiveness. debates about relativism permeate the whole spectrum of philosophical sub-disciplines. from ethics to epistemology, science to religion, political theory to ontology, theories of meaning and even logic, philosophy has felt the need to respond to this heady and seemingly subversive idea. discussions of relativism often also invoke considerations relevant to the very nature and methodology of philosophy and to the division between the so-called “analytic and continental” camps in philosophy. and yet, despite a long history of debate going back to plato and an increasingly large body of writing, it is still difficult to come to an agreed definition of what, at its core, relativism is, and what philosophical import it has. this entry attempts to provide a broad account of the many ways in which “relativism” has been defined, explained, defended and criticized.

explanation:

radiation

explanation:

heat is transmitted by radiation