Exercise 1: Calculate the minimum-wavelength x-ray that can be produced when a target is struck by an electron that has been accelerated through a potential difference of 16.0 kV and1.10 ✕ 10 2 kV. Exercise 2: When x-rays of wavelength of 0.129 nm are incident on the surface of a crystal having a structure similar to that of NaCl, a first-order maximum is observed at 8.15°. Calculate the interplanar spacing based on this information. nm
Exercise 3: X-rays of wavelength 0.200 nm are reflected from a certain crystal, and the first-order maximum occurs at an angle of 14.2°. What value does this give for the interplanar spacing of the crystal? nm

Cells in the nervous system have a potential difference of 70 mv across the cell membrane separating the interior of the cell from the extracellular fluid. this potential difference is maintained by ion pumps that move charged ions across the membrane. is this an emf? select the correct answer and explanation. 1)no. the ion pumps cannot separate charges; thus, they cannot create a potential difference. 2)yes. the ion pumps cannot separate charges, but they still can create a potential difference. 3)yes. the ion pumps can actively separate charge; thus, they can create a potential difference. 4)no. the ion pumps can separate charges, but they cannot create a potential difference.