What does it mean if an element has 8 valence electrons

Abatter hits the baseball a with an initial velocity of v0 = 110 ft/sec directly toward fielder b at an angle of 23° to the horizontal; the initial position of the ball is 2.2 ft above ground level. fielder b requires 0.44 sec to judge where the ball should be caught and begins moving to that position with constant speed. because of great experience, fielder b chooses his running speed so that he arrives at the “catch position” simultaneously with the baseball. the catch position is the field location at which the ball altitude is 8.4 ft. determine the velocity of the ball relative to the fielder at the instant the catch is made.

What type of nuclear decay causes the atomic number of an element to increase by 1?

Hydrogen and helium are both members of?