The combustion of fuel in a piston cylinder causes an internal energy change of –2836 kJ. The components surrounding the cylinder absorb 963.6 kJ of heat. How much work can be done by the fuel on the piston in the cylinder?

Materials will have different energies associated with the electrons inside them. this is related to how strongly bound they are by their work function. if we sandwich a material with a very low energy between two materials with a high energy, we create a trap for an electron. if this trap is very narrow in one direction in comparison to the others, this is approximately a 1-dimensional box that confines the electron. what is the lowest energy of an electron in the box if the thinnest direction across the materials is 4.81 nm?