When reaching a boundary between two media (1 and 2), an incident ray is partially reflected and partially refracted. The ray is travelling from media 1 to media 2.
At what angle of incidence is the reflected ray perpendicular to the incident ray? The indexes of refraction for the two media are n1 and n2, respectively.

Express your answer in terms of the variables n1 and n2

critical angle, sin^-1 (n2/n1)

Explanation: the angle of incidence at which the retracted ray makes an angle of 90° with the normal is known as the critical angle.

Snell's law defined refraction mathematically as shown below

n1 sin θi = n2 sin θr

n1 = refractive index of the first medium

n2 = refractive index of the second medium

θi = angle of incidence

θr = angle of refraction

When the refrafted ray is perpendicular to the normal, the angle of refraction (θr) is 90° hence making the angle of incidence (θi) the critical angle θc

By substituting these conditions into the Snell's law, we have that

n1 sin θc = n2 sin 90

According to trigonometry, the value of sin 90 is 1, hence we have that

n1 sin θc =n2

sin θc = n2/n1

θc = sin^-1 (n2/n1)

r=rho l/a where a is the area, l is the length and rho is resistivity so the greater the area the lesser the resistance thats why the earth pin is thicker bcos current follow the shortest path, so less resistive .

conservation of mass

mass before something happens = mass afterwards