Electroplating uses electrolysis to coat one metal with another. In a copper-plating bath, copper ions with a charge of 2ee move through the electrolyte from the copper anode to the cathode; the metal object to be plated.
If the current through the system is 1.2 A, how many copper ions reach the cathode each second?

1.2 A of current will send (3.744 × 10¹⁸) ions to the cathode per second.

Explanation:

According to Faraday's second law of electrolysis, the amount of ions/mass of substance deposited at an electrode depends on its equivalent weight.

For a divalent ion, it will require 2F of electricity per mole.

1 F = 96500 C

Amount of electricity that passes through the electrolyte per second = (magnitude of current) × (time) = It = (1.2 × 1) = 1.2 C

2F (2×96500C) of electricity will deposit 1 mole of Copper ions

That is,

193000 C of electricity will deposit 1 mole of Copper.

1.2 C will deposit (1.2×1/193000); 0.0000062176 mole of Copper.

1 mole of Copper contains (6.022 × 10²³) ions according to the Avogadro's constant.

0.0000062176 mole of Copper will contain (0.0000062176 × 6.022 × 10²³) ions = (3.744 × 10¹⁸) ions.

Therefore, 1.2 A of current will send (3.744 × 10¹⁸) ions to the cathode per second.

Hope this Helps!!!

answer;

d. are made mostly of liquid

explanation;

-the general   composition and structure planets includes; they have a thick gas and liquid layer covering a small,solid core. mostly the gases are hydrogen and helium atmosphere and layers of liquid hydrogen. for instance neptune and uranus are examples of the outer planets, they have a core covered by ice and ammonia.

-neptune's atmosphere is hydrogen and helium with a bit of methane so there is no oxygen to breath and the interior is made up of frozen water and ammonia with a rock and iron core. thus, there is no liquid water or solid surface to survive.

force required to detach it is given by

charges are taken to be fundamental charge

now we have

so above is the minimum distance at which it will detach