A 1.95-nC charged particle located at the origin is separated by a distance of 0.0800 m from a 3.78-nC charged particle located farther along the positive x axis. Both particles are held at their locations by an external agent.

(a) What is the electrostatic force on the 3.78-nC particle?
(b) What is the electrostatic force on the 1.95-nC particle?

(a) The electrostatic force on the 3.78-nC particle is along the  

    positive x axis.

(b) The electrostatic force on the 1.95-nC particle is along the  

    negative x axis.

Explanation:

a.) The electrostatic force on the 3.78 nC particle is

       where is the 1.95 nC charge at the origin, and

                                        is the 3.78 nC  charge at 0.08 m from the origin

                                         r is the distance of 0.08 between the charges

                                          is the relative permittivity of 8.854 × .

Therefore in the positive x direction.

b.) The electrostatic force on the 1.95 nC particle is the same as the electrostatic force on the 3.78 nC particle except that its direction is in the negative x- axis direction.

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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