A toaster using a Nichrome heating element operates on 120 V. When it is switched on at 28 ∘С, the heating element carries an initial current of 1.36 A. A few seconds later the current reaches the steady value of 1.23 A. (a) What is the final temperature of the element? The average value of the temperature coefficient of resistivity for Nichrome over the relevant temperature range is 4.5×10−4(∘C−1). (b) What is the power dissipated in the heating element initially and when the current reaches 1.23 A?

The final temperature of the element = 262.67°C

The power dissipated in the heating element initially = 163.21 W

The power dissipated in the heating element when the current reaches 1.23 A = 147.60 W

Explanation:

Our given parameters include;

A Nichrome heating element operates on 120 V.

Voltage (V) = 120V

Initial Current (I₁) = 1.36 A

Initial Temperature (T₁) = 28°C

Final Current (I₂) = 1.23 A

Final Temperature (T₂) = unknown ????

Temperature dependencies of resistance is given by:

           ----------------------    (1)

in which R₁ is the resistance at temperature T₁

is the resistance at temperature T₂

Given that V= IR

R =

Therefore, the resistance at temperature 28°C is;

= 88.24Ω

=

= 97.56Ω

From (1) above;

97.56 = 88.24 [ 1 + 4.5×10⁻⁴(°C)⁻¹(T₂-28°C)]

1.1056 - 1 = 4.5×10⁻⁴(°C)⁻¹(T₂-28°C)

0.1056 = 4.5×10⁻⁴(T₂-28°C)

T - 28° C = 234.67

T = 234.67 + 28° C

T = 262.67 ° C

(b)

What is the power dissipated in the heating element initially and when the current reaches 1.23 A

The power dissipated in the heating element initially can be calculated as:

P = I²₁R₂₈

P = (1.36A)²(88.24Ω)

P = 163.209 W

P ≅ 163.21 W

The power dissipated in the heating element when the current reaches 1.23 A can be calculated as:

P = (1.23)²(97.56Ω)

P = 147.598524

P ≅ 147.60 W

r = ρ x length / area  

ρ = r x area / length  

ρ is in ohm-meters  

in basic units, it is m³kg/s³a²  

i think this is it.

answer///terminator or twilight zone;