Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is 5 cm and whose walls are maintained at a temperature of 130 ◦c. circular aluminum alloy 2024-t6 fins (k = 186 w/m · k, ηf = 0.97) of outer diameter 6 cm and constant thickness 1 mm are attached to the tube. the space between the fins is 3 mm, and thus there are 250 fins per meter length of the tube. heat is trans- ferred to the surrounding air at t[infinity] = 25 ◦c, with a heat transfer coefficient of 40 w/m2 · k.
determine the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins.

Along wire of diameter 1 mm is submerged in an oil bath of temperature ∞ 31°c. the wire has an electrical resistance per unit length of 0.01 ω/m. if a current of 103 a flows through the wire and the convection coefficient is 500 w/m2·k, what is the steady-state temperature of the wire? from the time the current is applied, how long does it take for the wire to reach a temperature that is within 1°c of the steady-state value? the properties of the wire are 8000 kg/m3, 500 j/kg·k, and 20 w/m·k.

Researchers conducted an experiment to identify the effects of three different hand sanitizers on the growth of bacteria. the researchers grew one type of bacteria in twenty-four identical covered petri dishes. then, they opened eighteen petri dishes and applied the three hand sanitizers to six petri dishes each. they left the remaining six petri dishes closed as a control group. when the researchers measured the growth of bacteria two days later, the six dishes that had no hand sanitizer showed the least amount of bacterial growth. the researchers concluded that not using any hand sanitizer would lead to the least bacterial growth. which statement best explains why the researchers’ conclusion was not justified? the experiment tested too many variables. the control group was not treated the same as the experimental group. the sample size of twenty-four petri dishes is not large enough. the single type of bacteria is not adequate to make any conclusions.

Match each type of lever with the correct diagram. 1. first-class 2. third-class 3. second-class