Two spherical shells have a common center. the inner shell has radius r1 = 5.00 cm and charge q1 = +5.00×10−6 c; the outer shell has radius r2 = 15.0 cm and charge q2 = −7.00×10−6 c. both charges are spread uniformly over the shell surface. take v = 0 at a large distance from the shells.

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Letter a, because when there are unlike charges they will always attract to each other.

stands for electromotive force and it is measured in volts. despite its name, it is not actually the force in the sense of being a "pushing" or "pulling" (not measured in newtons).an equation that relates emf,  ℰ,  to a battery's terminal voltage, v, current, i, and internal resistance, r, is    ℰ = v + irin this case, the emf can be interpreted as a voltage—a difference in electric potential.i would not say that it would be considered an energy. if emf can be defined as the energy/work per a unit charge from a battery or other electric source, then it is not strictly energy.