3.) what kind of force is demonstrated between surfaces moving past each other

a.) tension
b.) buoyant
c.) friction
d.) drag

An atom that has fewer electrons that protons is called a positive ion.

If there was no gravity then their would be no downword force on the football to have it return the the grownd, and if there was no friction (mainly air friction) then there would be no opposing force the stop the ball from moving through the air allowing the ball to travle ∞.

Ican’t exactly answer this, but i can try to give a bit more info here.
astronomers are able to calculate a star’s life expectancy depending on its mass. (a larger star burns more gas, therefore having a shorter life span).
so astronomers can definitely predict the death of stars and the times they will die.
i hope this was in some way : )

It already tells you that the plane moves 600m in 12s. hope this !