Do you think measuring surface brightnesses of galaxies as a function of redshift is a practical method for testing cosmological models? explain the problems that might arise.

Write the function getkthdigit(n, k) that takes a possibly-negative int n and a non-negative int k, and returns the kth digit of n, starting from 0, counting from the right

Arunner is jogging at a steady 3.6 km/hr. when the runner is 2.9 km from the finish line, a bird begins flying from the runner to the finish line at 14.4 km/hr (4 times as fast as the runner). when the bird reaches the finish line, it turns around and flies back to the runner. even though the bird is a dodo, we will assume that it occupies only one point in space, i. e., a zero-length bird. how far does the bird travel? (b) after this first encounter, the bird then turns around and flies from the runner back to the finish line, turns around again and flies back to the runner. the bird repeats the back and forth trips until the runner reaches the finish line. how far does the bird travel from the beginning? (i. e. include the distance traveled to the first encounter)

Two students, each riding bicycles, start from the same apartment building and ride to the same building on campus, but each takes a different route. the first student rides 1100 m due east and then turns due north and travels another 1430 m before arriving at the destination. the second student heads due north for 1930 m and then turns and heads directly toward the destination. at the turning point, how far is the second student from the destination?