Alpha particles which have a charge +2e and mass 6.64 ✕ 10−27 kg are initially at rest and are fired directly at a stationary lead nucleus (charge +82e) at a speed of 1.95 ✕ 107 m/s. determine the distance of closest approach (in fm) before the alpha particle reverses direction. assume the lead nucleus remains stationary. assume the alpha particles are initially very far from a stationary lead nucleus.

When temperature of a substance increases, of its particles increase resulting in more between particles. real world applications of thermal expansion absolute zero (-273 degrees c) is the lowest possible temperature on the kelvin scale. it is a measure of where a substance has no kinetic energy. heat is a process of the . energy flows spontaneously from a object to a until equilibrium is reached. heat is measured in heat is transferred throughis a method of heat transfer that occurs between particles of matter that are in direct contact with each other. are poor conductors that impede / reduce the rate of heat transfer. is a method of heat transfer that occurs in fluids (non-solids) by means of currents. real world application of convectiona method of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. when energy moves from one object to another inside a closed system, no energy is or in the system in the transaction. systems will spontaneously move to a state of organized energy or high disorder over time called