The electric field in a certain region of earth's atmosphere is directed vertically down. at an altitude of 439 m the field has magnitude 50.7 n/c; at an altitude of 361 m, the magnitude is 84.3 n/c. find the net amount of charge contained in a cube 78 m on edge, with horizontal faces at altitudes of 361 m and 439 m.

1.8* 10^-6 C

Explanation: Considering the flux for the electric in the two surface corresponding to the cube.

For the top surface, the flux is = 50.7 N/C* 78*78 m^2= 50.7*6084=

-3.084*10^5 C*m^2 ( the electric field and the normal to the surface have opossite directions)

For the bottom surface, the flux is 84.3 N/C * 78*78 m^2= 84.3*6084=

5.128 *10^5 C m^2

By the Gauss Law, the net flux of the electric field is the total charge closed by the gaussian surface.

So the net flux is 2.044 * 10^5 C*m^2

The net flux= Q/ε0 then

the total charge is  2.044 * 10^5 C*m^2 * 8.85 * 10^-12= 1.8* 10^-6 C

-first use of geothermal energy occurred more than 10,000 years ago in north america by american paleo-indians

-the first industrial use of geothermal energy began near pisa, italy in late 18th century

-in 1904, italian scientist piero ginori conti invented the first geothermal electric power plant in which steam was used to generate the power

-with the above experiment, the first geothermal plant in usa started in 1922 with a capacity of 250 kilowatts

-however, in 1946 first ground-source geothermal heat pump installed at commonwealth building in portland, oregon

-during the 1960’s, pacific gas and electric began operation of first large scale geothermal power plant in san francisco, producing 11 megawatts

-in 1973, when oil crisis began many countries began looking for renewable energy sources and by 1980’s geothermal heat pumps (ghp) started gaining popularity in order to reduce heating and cooling costs

-as effect of climate change started showing results, governments of various countries joined hands to fight against it, for which kyoto protocol was signed in japan in 1997, laid out emission targets for rich countries and required that they transfer funds and technology to developing countries, 184 countries have ratified it

hope this

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