How can we explain the presence of gas giants so close to their stars? a. the nebular theory has been modified to allow for the formation of gas giant planets close to a star. b. the hot jupiters are close to cool stars, and so are not actually very hot and have the same history as gas giants in our solar system. c. these gas giants formed far from the star and migrated inward due to gas drag in the nebula. d. these gas giants formed far from the star and migrated inward due to the effects of waves in the nebula. e. these gas giants formed from a star, and then were captured by another star in a much closer orbit.