Why is it difficult to drop a probe like galileo? how did engineers solve this problem?

Explanation:

Galileo spacecraft was sent to orbit around and study Jupiter. It was launched on October 18, 1989 and entered into Jupiter's orbit on December 7, 1995. It had a lot of firsts in its name and most important of them was the first probe that entered in Jovian atmosphere. The spacecraft carried a probe named Galileo which separated from the spacecraft 5 months before it was to reach Jupiter. The separation was done in such a way that the rendezvous of probe and spacecraft with Jupiter coincided.

The mission was very challenging. Some of them are listed below:

1. Because of Jupiter's immense gravity the speed of the probe reached up to 47 KM/Sec as it approached Jupiter, but to enter into Jupiter's atmosphere it had to be brought down to subsonic level (0.34 KM/Sec). Due to this it had to withstand 228G deceleration.

2. Also, the time of probe entry had to be synchronized with that of the rendezvous of spacecraft with Jupiter. Very precise calculations were needed to achieve this.

3. Jupiter has a very thick atmosphere which would result in very high pressure and temperature for anything entering into it atmosphere. A very strong heat shield was needed to withstand such high pressure and temperature. Out of the 339 kg of the probe 152 kg was just the weight of the heat shield. Around 80 kg of the heat shield was lost during the entry. Its instruments were so sturdy that they worked till a pressure of 23 atm and temperature of 153°C.

4. The deceleration of the probe was further aided by using a parachute during the entry.

bacteria that live on the ocean floor are sustained by phytoplankton. phytoplankton, microscopic marine photosynthetic organisms, have a vastly significant role to play not only in the marine food web of which they’re part of, but also on a more global scale. despite their infinitely small size in comparison to other marine organisms, these tiny creatures occupy an immensely important ecological niche: they are the foundation of the marine food web, and as primary producers, play key roles in supporting all other organisms in the marine environment, as well as in the regulation of the earth’s climate through the sequestration of carbon, oxygen production, and other related processes. phytoplankton account for roughly half of all global primary productivity; therefore, their significance extends far beyond the marine environment alone. there is an intriguing sense of irony in the realization that these tiny living beings that often live out their existence unnoticed and undetected by the rest of the world, have such a far-reaching impact on the lives of virtually all other living organisms on the planet, particularly on those in the marine environment. the world that we have become accustomed to has been and is continuously shaped by the workings of these miniscule yet vital “plants of the sea”.

hope this !