Stellar surface convection introduces an overall blueshift in the light emitted from the photosphere.
a) estimate the doppler shift to the hα line as a result of granular upflows with speeds of 500 m/s.
b) estimate the doppler shift to the hα line as a result of granular downflows with speeds of 1000 m/s.
c) provide an explanation for why the overall effect is a convective blueshift even though the granular downflow speeds are of greater magnitude.

depends on what you mean by "group." for order, it would be coleoptera (beetles). for class, it would be insecta (insects). for phylum, it would be the arthropoda (animals with jointed exoskeletons).

explanation:

b.

explanation:

i believe the answer would be:

d. violin, clarinet, french horn, and tuba

russian is not my first language, so i'm afraid i can't write out an answer in russian, but hopefully you can find a way to do so. here's my best translation of the problem: you're given a plot of a particle's position in one-dimensional space over time, and you're asked to find either the total distance traveled by the particle after 6 seconds had elapsed, or the total displacement of the particle after 6 seconds.

if you want the total distance traveled, you would first need to determine the particle's velocity as a function of time, then integrate that over the 6-second interval. we know the position function is quadratic with roots at 0 and 6, so we have

where is unknown. because the position is parabolic, there is symmetry about the midpoint at , and we know that

so that the position function is

which means the velocity is

then the total distance traveled is

so the total distance traveled is 20 m.

on the other hand, if you want to find displacement: the particle starts at and ends at , so its displacement is 0.