Describe the operation principle in a couple of paragraph. include in your discussion a schematic diagram and some basic formulae. include in your discussion the component required what are their functions and what are the optical parameters involved. mention time scales and dynamical characteristics that are important.

(1) how you wold measure the saturation intensity of homogeneously broadended two-level system?
(2) how to measure the coherent length of a cw laser
(3) how to determine the minimum laser beam width w0 of a laser

You are a researcher for a golf club manufacturer. you are given two identical looking cubes of a metal alloy. you are informed that they are made of the exact same material, but one is crystalline, whereas the other is amorphous. it is your job to determine which one is amorphous this one is more stress-resistant and is useful in reinforcing golf clubs. which of the following is the best way to determine which is which? a. determine the density of each cube. the more dense one is the amorphous solid. b. melt both cubes and look for a broader range of melting temperatures. the one that melts over a broader range of temperatures is the amorphous solid. c. determine the density of each cube. the less dense cube is the amorphous solid. d. melt both cubes and measure the range of melting temperatures. the one that melts over a narrower range of temperatures is the amorphous solid.